were no education facilities and too few female school graduates who could be trained in the provinces. Given the dire … situation, the shortage of midwives had to be remedied urgently. The community Midwifery Education (CME) Program was created. …

and because the children have different access to education. Public policy is thus called for, for vertical as well as … cannot remedy this. Quantity controls become necessary: a compulsory education package, financed by a redistributive tax … system, achieves both types of equity. Redistributive taxation and compulsory education are therefore best seen as …

heterogeneity. We argue that serfdom hampered peasants’ demand for education whereas the successive emancipation triggered a demand …

economic institutions and quantitative measures of tertiary education cannot. Under the growth model estimates and plausible … evidence on which education policy reforms may be able to bring about the simulated improvements in educational outcomes. …