La Loi Le Chapelier (1791) n’est pas seulement la loi qui a aboli les corporations de métier, mais aussi le droit pour les ouvriers de s’organiser ou de faire grève. La loi fut rapidement votée, presque sans débats, ni opposition. Pourquoi cette loi qui transforma pendant plusieurs...

The main question that guides this paper is how governments are focusing (and must focus) on competence building (education and training) when designing and implementing innovation policies. With this approach, the paper aims at filling the gap between the existing literature on competences on...

Institutions (including regulations) are constitutive elements of innovation systems, and therefore cornerstones of innovation policy. Focusing on (soft and hard) regulation, the paper identifies the most salient regulatory areas from the perspective of the innovation system. When asking about...

In 2006 the European Commission introduced the concept of "Pre-Commercial Procurement" as an instrument to promote innovation and to mitigate grand challenges. One of the main motivations for the support of Pre-Commercial Procurement schemes was to use public needs as a driver for innovation....

Who produces scientific and technical knowledge these days? What type of knowledge is being produced and for what purposes? Why are firms and governments funding research and development? This chapter studies the role of knowledge production (especially R&D activities) in the innovation process...

The concept of a holistic innovation policy is defined in this article, with discussions of what it is, why it is relevant, and how it can be implemented to enhance product innovation. It is shown that the innovation systems approach has diffused rapidly during the latest decades and has...

The concept of a holistic innovation policy is defined in this paper, and it is discussed what it is, why it is relevant and how it can be implemented. One of the main conclusions is that the innovation policies in European countries are still linear (and not holistic), in spite of the fact that...

L’objectif de cette étude est de présenter les grandes phases du développement de l’entrepreneuriat à Dunkerque depuis le 19e siècle. Depuis cette période, l’économie dunkerquoise s’est développée sur la grande industrie et l’emploi salarié. Au cours du temps, l’industrie...

La Chine est actuellement le plus grand marché de smartphones dans le monde, même plus grand que les Etats-Unis. Cela fait beaucoup de vendeurs qui luttent pour accroître leur part de marché dans le pays. Par ailleurs, de plus en plus d’entreprises chinoises investissent dans la R&D de la...

Pour maintenir leur compétitivité face à la concurrence des nouvelles firmes multinationales des pays émergents, les entreprises industrielles des pays industriels doivent selon le PDG de General Electric J.Immelt, développer un modèle d’innovation dit « inversé » (Reverse innovation)...