This study investigates the determinants of R&D expenditures in the Swedish pharmaceutical industry from the 1960s to the mid 1990s. Various proxies for the rate of return of R&D (e.g. expected profit, sales and R&D productivity) as well as the availability of internal funding (proxied by past...

This study explores the possibility of using trademark statistics as an indicator of new-to-the-firm innovation. It compares registrations of trademarks and the launch of new-to-the-firm products for a number of Swedish companies in the electromechanical, automotive and pharmaceutical...

The relation between innovative output from the R&D process and total factor productivity (TFP) in the Swedish pharmaceutical industry has been investigated. The focus has been on the 1960s when the institutional conditions for innovation changed drastically in the pharmaceutical industry...