This paper asks whether there is evidence of higher innovation output from firms where there is more foreign activity … in terms of foreign direct investments (FDI), trade and collaboration on innovation, or if proximity between innovators … innovation. The most important aspect of the local milieu on innovation is skilled labour. …

, intermediary and innovation activities using a linear contract on patents (fixed fee plus royalty on revenues). A trader is …

traditional hierarchical model of coordinating invention and innovation in a vertically integrated firm is replaced by …