We analyze financial constraints for R&D, where we account for heterogeneityamong investments which has been neglected in previous literature. According toeconomic theory, investments should be distinguished by their degree ofuncertainty, e.g. routine R&D versus cutting-edge R&D. Financial...

The increasing commercialization of university discoveries has initiated acontroversy on the impacts for future scientific research. It has been argued that anincreasing orientation towards commercialization may have a negative impact onmore fundamental research efforts in science. Several...

Do academic scientists bring valuable human capital to the companies they found or join? If so, what are the particular skills that compose their human capital and how are these skills related to firm performance? This paper examines these questions using a particular group of academic...

Real options investment theory predicts current investment falls asuncertainty about market returns increases. In the case of R&D investment,which is usually considered an irreversible form of investment, this effectshould be quite pronounced. This paper tests the real options predictionabout...

The literature suggests that public research and development (R&D) subsidies mayreduce market failures affecting private R&D investment caused by incompleteappropriability of knowledge and financial constraints due capital marketimperfections. Drawing on the theory of investment under...