. In a natural experiment, we study the gender difference in performance resulting from changes in stakes. We use detailed … information on the performance of high-school students and exploit the variation in the stakes of tests, which range from 5% to 27 …

We analyze the performance outcomes of National Hockey League (NHL) players over 18 seasons (1990-1991 to 2007-2008) as … chiefly by supply-side factors in the form of excess cohort competition and not quality differences since the performance of … cohorts. Performance-adjusted wage losses for those born in large birth cohorts are therefore greater than the raw estimates …

to performance. For the first time we employ aHodrick-Prescott Filter, a methodology widely used in macroeconomics to …