association between average formal education and the share of married women. This finding is in line with recent theoretical and …

analyze the provision of public primary education in nineteenth-century Prussia which was characterized by a linguistically … polarized society and a decentralized education system. Using unique county-level data on education spending we show that … border suggest that the relationship can be causally interpreted. Exploiting a reform of education spending, we show that …

The interaction between investment in children's education and parental fertility is crucial in recent theories of the … significant negative causal effect of education on fertility, which is robust to accounting for spatial autocorrelation. The … causal effect of education is identified through exogenous variation in enrollment rates due to differences in landownership …

heterogeneity. We argue that serfdom hampered peasants' demand for education whereas the successive emancipation triggered a demand …