, destruction and suffering, but also exposed rampant government corruption involving construction and zoning code violations. The … incompetence shown by the government in providing relief, the corruption allegations in regards to those efforts, and government … sensitivity shown by the electorate to real and perceived corruption implies that corruption problem will be tractable in Turkey …

likely than non-victims to bribe public officials. Misfortune increases victims’ demand for public services, raising bribery … indirectly, and also increases victims’ propensity to bribe certain officials conditional on using them, possibly because victims … are desperate, vulnerable, or demanding services particularly prone to corruption. The effect is strongest for bribery of …

In this paper, I examine the role of household income in determining who bribes and how much they bribe in health care … in Peru and Uganda. I find that rich patients are more likely than other patients to bribe in public health care … to a bribery rate of 17%. The income elasticity of the bribe amount cannot be precisely estimated in Peru, but is about 0 …