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We report a puzzling pair of facts concerning the organization of science. The concentration of research output is declining at the department level but increasing at the individual level. For example, in evolutionary biology, over the period 1980 to 2000, the fraction of citation-weighted...
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We explore the determinants of research specialization across countries and its consequences for relative wages. Using a dynamic Ricardian model we examine the effects of faster international technology diffusion and lower trade barriers on the incentive to innovate. In the absence of any...
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This study examines the effect of changes in the vintage distribution of cardiovascular system drugs on hospitalization and mortality due to cardiovascular disease using longitudinal country-level data. The vintage of a drug is the first year in which it was marketed anywhere in the world. We...
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Scientific knowledge is believed to be the wellspring of innovation. Historically, firms have also invested in research … to fuel innovation and growth. In this paper, we document a shift away from scientific research by large corporations … innovation. Large firms appear to value the golden eggs of science (as reflected in patents) but not the golden goose itself (the …
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This chapter reviews academic research on the connections between agglomeration and innovation. We first describe the … conceptual distinctions between invention and innovation. We then describe how these factors are frequently measured in the data …, industrial diversity) that theoretical and empirical work link to innovation, and we discuss factors that help sustain these …
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