In this paper, multinationals’ motivations for R&D in China are compared across firms’ home countries. It is found that five types of companies (Europe, Japan, the other Asia, US and Taiwan, Hong Kong or Macau owned) can be grouped into two. Europe, Japan and the other Asia for...

Much research has been carried out on the accumulation and effective use of knowledge as a companyspecific form of intellectual property. However, insufficient attention has been given to research focusing on the effects of micro-level knowledge absorption and its effective use. In this paper,...

This paper presents the typology of overseas R&D, by interacting the direction of knowledge flow between home and host countries and the distinction of “research” and “development”, namely (1) technology driven, (2) cost driven, (3) market driven, (4) policy driven, (5) production driven...

In this paper, I compare activities in biotech firms in the two countries based on firm-level data in 2004 (443 Japanese firms, 12 of which are listed publicly, and 1,446 US firms, 431 of which are public). First, I found that Japanese firms are much smaller than US firms, even after controlling...

While R&D activities of multinational firms in India focus on offshore development, some companies are developing cutting-edge technologies. In addition, product development for the local market has increased with the expansion of the Indian market. India’s importance as an R&D center is...

Category-based measures such as the cosine index, Herfindahl index, entropy index, Euclidean distance, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient are widely applied in resource-based studies. However, when adopting these indices in empirical studies with respect to the categories of industry,...