We examine how the structure of multinational enterprises; (MNEs) activity affects technology spillovers between MNEs and their host economies by using firm-level data of Japanese MNEs and patent citations data. We construct new measures of foreign direct investment (FDI) by exploiting...

This paper investigates the effect of exogenous entry barriers on productivity growth, using an R&D-based endogenous growth model. When firms are heterogeneous in their innovation efficiency levels, we found that a reduction in entry costs lowers the relative importance of a selection mechanism...