The article presents a historical review of the literature related to the empirical problem of excessive risk premium. The risk premium (the difference between the return on equities and risk-free rate) observed in financial markets cannot be reconciled with theoretical models of financial...

The article describes the use of a Value at Risk measure to analyze the effectiveness of a bank. Among various existing possibilities of using this measure, the use of a new method has been proposed, namely, correcting various indicators of bank interest margins by using the Value at Risk...

The article starts with a brief description of Mises' monetary theory, with emphasis on the Misesian differentiation of two kinds of credit: commodity and circulation credit, and with the description of the impact of circulation credit expansion on the business cycle. Further on it is described...

This paper determines whether the VaR estimation is influenced by conditional distribution of return rates (normal, t-student, GED) and attempts to choose the model which best estimates VaR on a selected example. We considered logarithmic return rates for the WIG-20 index from 1999-2011. Then,...

This paper discusses the role that financial innovations play in the modern financial system, aiming at identifying and systematizing the core problems and definitions related to this issue. The paper first describes the importance of the financial system and financial markets in the economy,...

This article concerns the financing of banking in Poland through public bond issues addressed to individual investors. It is a case study of Bank Pocztowy, which, as one of three banks in Poland, decided to raise capital through the public issue of bonds, the buyers of which were to be...

This research study aims to investigate the potential inner factors of the lending rate in the commercial banking sector of Pakistan. For this purpose, seven bank-specific explanatory variables (capital adequacy, management efficiency, liquidity, asset quality, investment to asset, loan to asset...

The aim of this article is to present the analysis of treasury bonds issued by the Ministry of Finance on international financial markets to finance debt. The author identifies the structure of bonds on the domestic and international markets. The study attempts to answer the question of whether...

In this paper we investigate the characteristics of the low price anomaly, which implies higher returns to stocks with a low nominal price. The research aims to broaden academic knowledge in a few ways. Firstly, we deliver some fresh evidence on the low price effect from the Polish market....

In the paper we present the application of risk neutral measure estimation in the analysis of the index WIG20 from Polish stock market. The risk neutral measure is calculated from the process of the options on that index. We assume that risk neutral measure is the mixture of lognormal...