This paper analyzes how standards as a knowledge source are important for R&D, how significantly the (backward) citations by a patent of standard-related documents measure such knowledge flow, and how significantly they affect the performance of downstream R&D. Using both the RIETI inventor...

This paper explores the sources of firm-level scale economies in R&D, based on unique project-level data from a new large-scale survey of Japanese inventors, matched with firmlevel data. We focus on four sources: complementary assets, internal and external knowledge inflows, and inventor team...

We provide causal evidence on the effects of language barriers on the speed and extent of knowledge diffusion by exploiting the introduction of pre-grant publications in the US. Language barriers account for almost half the diffusion lag of Japan-originating knowledge to US-based inventors,...