This article takes the view that formal educational programs often miss opportunities to use the rich experiences of working managers to produce both learning and knowledge. Two alternative pedagogical approaches, action learning and action research, are proposed as contributing to management...

This article and its commentaries shed light on reflective practice, a reflection of past experiences to ponder the meaning of what has recently transpired to one's self and others in the immediate environment. It incorporates a rationale for reflective practice; strategies to encourage...

It is through public reflection that we may create a collective identity as a community of inquiry. But how does public reflection differ from introspection, and how does it contribute to self and organizational learning? In this article, the author uncovers the many traditions which constitute...

This paper attempts to remedy the inattention heretofore paid to the action project in the work-based learning literature. It begins with the assertion that there can be no substitute for real-time experience in human resource planning and development programs. Action projects afford real-time...