Does education make people more or less religious? The previous literature offers mixed findings on the relationship … between education and religiosity. This may be due to endogeneity bias: education and religiosity can be caused by a third … variable such as culture or upbringing. We instrument education by exposure to the 1997 education reform in Türkiye which …

crisis of education as another of the pandemic’s major consequences, as well as the successive crises that have accompanied … it. Despite previous progress in access to education, the lengthy interruption of face-to-face educational services … continuing education and in the availability of resources for remote learning. However, this silent crisis in education also …