In 1996, Becker and Gerhart noted that much of the work on human resources (HR) and performance had traditionally been … conducted at the individual level of analysis. However, in the 1990s, empirical research on HR and performance increasingly … performance at these higher levels. In the present article, I describe the empirical findings of this evolving literature …

organizational performance, drawing on diverse theoretical frameworks and using many different methodologies. Trying to shed light on …