The recent increase in R&D offshoring has raised fears that knowledge and competitiveness in advanced countries may be at risk of ‘hollowing out’. At the same time, economic research has stressed that this process is also likely to allow some reverse technology transfer and foster growth at...

At the level of both national and local territories, the cumulative processes of the technological specialization of countries accompany the tendency towards a spatial polarization of innovative activities. Until the eighties, the technological specialization of regions was not thwarted by the...

Background: Industry 4.0 is a burgeoning research area that has been addressed by many research entities. However, the literature shows that the industrial sector lacks the awareness and knowledge needed to comply with Industry 4.0 implications, particularly in developing countries. Methods:...