test criteria in identifying true asset pricing factors. We focus on the Sharpe ratio and pricing performance improvement …. While both criteria are exposed to model misspecification, we find that pricing performance criteria are inferior as their … performance is driven by estimation bias. Through an empirical application, we demonstrate the impact of the criteria on the …

which positive and negative performance feedback is provided, matters for study motivation and to some extent also exam … performance. Finally, chapter 5 presents new insights to gender gaps in adult cognitive skills, showing that they are highly …