In conventional Proof of Stake (PoS), the nodes with higher stake would have a higher probability of being selected for the block rewards. Block rewards are constant regardless of the node reputation. In Secure Proof of Stake (SPoS), the nodes with higher reputation have a higher probability of...

This paper documents implications of Germany’s draft regulation on electronic securities for RegTech and SupTech. Regulation of electronic securities or a dematerialized system should not only serve the development of the private sector, FinTech and RegTech for regulatory compliance but also...

Transparency of data recorded on distributed ledgers has been hailed as a key benefit of blockchains, such as Bitcoin. Our examination of 389 million Bitcoin wallet addresses involving 183 million unique users shows that the way the “Notebreaker” wallet mechanism handles transactions...

The government of South Africa has adopted a National Infrastructure Plan (NIP) with ambitious targets, including for telecommunications. This is only partly aligned with its adoption of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR), the subject of a recent lengthy report. The telecommunications part...

In only a few years, central banks have rapidly ramped up research and development of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs). A growing body of economic research is informing central banks’ efforts, often focusing on the “reserves for all” aspect of CBDCs for retail use. However, CBDCs...

Do horizontal mergers shape the way an industry evolves? I answer this question by investigating the non-merging rivals’ investments. Based on the stylized fact that the rivals’ performance on average declines in the three years following horizontal mergers, I find the rivals become more...

Organizations and companies need practical tools and guidelines to kick-off the implementation of Trustworthy Artificial Intelligence (TAI) systems. AI development companies are still in the beginning of this process or have not even started yet. The findings of this article address to decrease...

In the high-stakes race to develop more scalable blockchains, some platforms (Cosmos, EOS, TRON, etc.) have adopted committee-based consensus protocols, whereby the blockchain's record-keeping rights are entrusted to a committee of elected block producers. In theory, the smaller the committee,...

China is seeking to set the rules that will govern the technologies of the future through the development of digital technical standards. Influencing standards favors China’s efforts to consolidate as a tech superpower, while simultaneously allowing the country to build its own ideological...