To encourage private actions for damages in antitrust cases some jurisdictions subtract a fraction of the redress from … settlement amount, yet at the price of reduced deterrence for those wrongdoers who are actually fined. Under a leniency program … fine reduction on deterrence is, therefore, negative. …

preferences that guide such antitrust prosecutions remain understudied. We empirically examine the intertemporal shifts in U ….S. antitrust cartel prosecutions during the period 1969-2013. This period has seen substantive policy innovations with increasing … substantially higher penalties levied on firms and individuals. While effective deterrence is one explanation for these patterns, we …

This paper provides a comprehensive discussion of the deterrence properties of a competition policy regime. On the … basis of the economic theory of law enforcement we identify several factors that are likely to affect its degree of … deterrence: 1) sanctions and damages; 2) financial and human resources; 3) powers during the investigation; 4) quality of the law …