include measures of innovation outcomes as well as variables related to innovation effort. The main indicator of innovation … outputs is patents. The main variables related to innovation inputs are investment in research and development (R&D) and … of innovation outputs and inputs by looking at the over-time behavior of the relevant series and comparing the …

A functional review by the World Bank of Romania's research, development and innovation (RD&I) sector has been … World Bank Higher Education Review team and the EC's DG Research and Innovation -- presents observations and recommendations …

"Using a new global data base on patents and innovation inputs, the authors examine the process of knowledge creation … developing countries by testing for the impact of measures of the functioning of the national innovation system-the set of …

find that competition has a negative effect on innovation, especially for firms further from the efficiency frontier, and … we do not find support for an inverted U effect of competition on innovation. The authors show that the supply chain of … multinational enterprises and international trade are important channels for domestic firms' innovation. They detect no evidence …