Learning process in adaptive governance for sustainable development: a critical perspective. Some issues from the French experience of effective implementation of the Green and Blue infrastructure

The Green and Blue infrastructure (Trame verte et bleue ?TVB) is a new conservation policy tool based on the notions of ecological network and corridor. The TVB's implementation process establishes the connection of multi and nested decisional and action levels and needs permanent adjustment to change that is analyzed as adaptive governance mechanisms. The implementation of an adaptive governance is described as an mean to overpass those failures. The literature on adaptive governance gives learning process a central place as it permits to systematically improve policies and practices for an effective preservation of the environment. The aim of this article is to provide a critical perspective on learning processes in adaptive governance. We aim at reintroducing two blind spots. First, knowledge theory frequently forget to consider the strategic issue of knowledge. Second, knowledge theory implicitly recognizes that an actor acts but, it is often true that an actor can «be acted».