The economics of science and technology : an overview of initiatives to foster innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth

Machine generated contents note: 1. INTRODUCTION 1 -- Fundamental Definitions 3 -- Overview of the Book 5 -- 2. AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE 7 -- The Colonial Period 7 -- Toward a National Science and Technology -- Infrastructure 10 -- Toward an Industrial Science and Technology -- Infrastructure 11 -- World War I and the Years that Followed 12 -- World War II and the Years that Followed 14 -- 3. ECONOMIC GROWTH AND TECHNOLOGICAL -- CHANGE 21 -- 4. DIMENSIONS OF R&D 27 -- Sources of Funding of R&D 27 -- R&D Performeti 30 -- R&D by Character of Use 32 -- R&D Activity in Large and Small Firms 33 -- R&D Activity by Geographic Location 37 -- R&D-to-Productivity Growth Relationship 38 -- 5. THE ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESS 43 -- 6. GOVERNMENT'S ROLE IN INNOVATION 47 -- Economic Rationale for Government Involvement 47 -- Barriers to Technology and Market Failure 49 -- 7. THE PATENT SYSTEM 53 -- 8. TAX INCENTIVES 59 -- The Economics of Tax Credits 60 -- The R&E Tax Credit 61 -- 9. RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS 65 -- Semiconductor Research Corporation 65 -- Public Policy Toward Research Collaborations 67 -- Trends in RJVs 69 -- Universities as Research Partners 70 -- Government Laboratories as a Research Partner 72 -- 10. PUBLIC/PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS 75 -- SEMATECH 77 -- Small Business Innovation Research Program 79 -- Advanced Technology Program 80 -- 11. INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY 83 -- Federal Laboratory System 83 -- National Institute of Standards and Technology 84 -- The Economics of Standards 89 -- 12. AN INTEGRATED ENTREPRENEURIAL PROCESS 93 -- 13. LABOR MARKET FOR R&D SCIENTISTS AND -- ENGINEERS 97 -- Foreign-Born Scientists and Engineers 98 -- R&D Policy on S&E Labor Markets 98 -- Women in Science 100 -- Forecasting Scientific Labor Markets 100 -- 14. PUBLIC ACCOUNTABILITY 103 -- Performance Accountability 104 -- Fiscal Accountability 107 -- Systematic Approaches to the Evaluation of -- Technology-Based Programs 108 -- Program Evaluation 111