To achieve a truly fair way of managing people in organizations and increase organizational competitiveness, designing procedures and structures of human resource management systems appropriately is not sufficient. What are needed in advance are top management's moral or ethical aspirations for...

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This paper examines the efficiency of the Dojima Rice Market established in 1730 in Osaka, and closed in 1869 due to the collapse of Tokugawa Shogunate. It had already been shown that there existed the price mechanism in Dojima. However, the most significant question: Whether the world first...